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Traditional African religion
The traditional beliefs and practices of African people include various traditional religions.〔(Dr J.O. Awolalu, Studies in Comparative Religion Vol. 10, No. 2. (Spring, 1976). )〕 Generally, these traditions are oral rather than scriptural, include belief in a supreme creator, belief in spirits, veneration of ancestors, use of magic, and traditional medicine.〔(An African Story BBC )〕〔 The role of humanity is generally seen as one of harmonizing nature with the supernatural.〔Encyclopedia of African Religion (Sage, 2009) Molefi Asante〕〔(What is religion? An African understanding )〕
While adherence to traditional religion in Africa is hard to estimate, due to syncretism with Christianity, Islam, and Judaism, practitioners are estimated to number over 100 million, or at least 10 percent of the population of the continent.〔''Britannica Book of the Year'' (2003), ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' (2003) ISBN 978-0-85229-956-2 p.306
According to the ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', as of mid-2002, there were 480,453,000 Christians, 329,869,000 Muslims and 98,734,000 people who practiced traditional religions in Africa. (Ian S. Markham, ''A World Religions Reader'' (1996) Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Publishers ) is cited by Morehouse University as giving the mid-1990s figure of 278,250,800 Muslims in Africa, but still as 40.8% of the total. These numbers are estimates, and remain a matter of conjecture (see Amadu Jacky Kaba). The spread of Christianity and Islam in Africa: a survey and analysis of the numbers and percentages of Christians, Muslims and those who practice indigenous religions. ''The Western Journal of Black Studies'', Vol 29, Number 2, (June 2005), discusses the estimations of various almanacs and encyclopediae, placing Britannica's estimate as the most agreed on figure. Notes the figure presented at the (''World Christian Encyclopedia'', summarized here ), as being an outlier. On rates of growth, Islam and Pentecostal Christianity are highest, see: (The List: The World's Fastest-Growing Religions ), Foreign Policy, May 2007.〕 African diasporic religions are also practiced in the diaspora in the Americas, such as Candomble, Santeria, and Vodou.〔
==Terminology==
''African traditional religions'' and ''Indigenous African religions'' are both common terms used to discuss the subject of indigenous faiths found within Africa. Each term is debated among scholars. Some challenge the word "traditional" and prefer "indigenous" since traditional can also include traditional African Islam〔(1000-year cohabitation and the resulting compromises Josef Stamer )〕 and Christianity, and are established traditions in African societies.〔〔(Theology of African Traditional Religion, Dr. Oyeronke Olademo University of Ilorin Ilorin, Kwara State )〕 Some, such as Mbiti, contend that while using the singular "religion" a plural understanding is needed.〔〔African religions: a symposium Front Cover Newell Snow Booth, NOK Publishers, 1977〕 Some suggest that these thousands of "religions" are only differing expressions of the same basic "religion."〔African Traditional Religion in Biblical Perspective By Richard J. Gehman, Page 24〕〔(Matthew Clarke (2013) ''Handbook of Research on Development and Religion'' p 145 (2013) Edward Elgar Publishing, Northampton, MA ), in his chapter "African Traditional Religion" writes: "So what distinguishes African traditional religion? What practices, beliefs and institutions underpin its spiritual cosmology? How possible is it to treat such a diverse and geographically diffuse number of traditions as a single religion, and just how 'traditional' is ATR?"〕 However, many suggest this is problematic as there is no "genetic" relationship between these plural beliefs to create ideological homology, and the observed similarities can subjectively also be found outside of Africa.
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